Morphine and clinical outcomes in patients with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction treated with fibrinolytic and antiplatelet therapy: Insights from the TREAT trial.

BACKGROUND: Morphine is commonly used to relieve pain, anxiety and dyspnea in STEMI but it lowers blood pressure and delays the activity of oral antiplatelet agents. The impact of morphine on clinical outcomes remains unknown. This analysis was performed to determine if morphine use was associated with increased risk of adverse clinical events among STEMI patients treated with fibrinolytic therapy and clopidogrel or ticagrelor. METHODS: In the Ticagrelor in Patients with ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction Treated with Pharmacological Thrombolysis (TREAT) study, 3799 STEMI patients treated with fibrinolysis were randomized to receive clopidogrel or ticagrelor. Morphine use was left to the discretion of the treating physicians. In this pre-specified analysis, we evaluated clinical outcomes based on the use and timing of morphine administration. Outcomes were stratified by randomized treatment group. Multivariable analysis was performed using Inverse Probability Treatment Weighting (IPTW) weighting. RESULTS: Morphine was used in 53% of patients. After adjustment using IPTW weighting, morphine use was associated with higher hazard of reinfarction at 7 days (HR 4.9, P = .0006) and 30 days (HR 1.7, P = .04), and lower hazard of major bleeding (HR 0.37, P = .006). There was no significant difference in mortality at any time point. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with STEMI treated with fibrinolytic therapy, morphine use was associated with a higher risk of early reinfarction and a lower risk of major bleeding but no difference in mortality. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT02298088.

[Cardiovascular admissions in Intensive Care Units during COVID-19 pandemic]. / Internaciones cardiovasculares en Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos durante la pandemia por COVID-19.

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to measures of social isolation, labor restrictions, a strong information campaign and the suspension of scheduled medical activities. The aim of this study was to describe the impact of these measures on the number of hospitalizations in Cardiovascular Intensive Care Units, with the hypothesis that the social behavior generated by this emergency promotes a decreased demand for medical care, even when severe cardiovascular disease is involved. We compared the number of admissions in March-April 2010-2019 versus March-April 2020, based on a prospective study including six institutions (three public and three private) that use Epi-Cardio® as a multicenter registry of cardiovascular care unit discharge. Altogether, we included 6839 patients discharged during the 11-year study period (2010-2020). The average number of patient admissions on March-April 2010-19 was 595 (CI 95%: 507-683) and decreased to 348 in 2020 (fall of 46.8%, p < 0.001). The reasons for hospitalization were classified into 11 groups and a statistically significant reduction was seen in 10 of these groups: cardiovascular surgery 72.3%, electrophysiological interventions 67.8%, non-ST acute coronary syndromes 52.6%, angioplasties 47.6%, arrhythmias 48.7%, heart failure 46%, atrial fibrillation 35.7%, ST elevation myocardial infarction 34.7%, non cardiac chest pain 31.8%, others 51.6%. Although with low prevalence, hypertensive crisis increased in 89%. The abrupt decrease observed in the number of admissions due to critical pathologies may be considered an "adverse effect" related to the measures adopted, with potentially severe consequences. This trend could be reversed by improving public communication and policy adjustment.

La pandemia de COVID-19 ha llevado a medidas de aislamiento social, restricciones laborales, fuerte campaña mediática y suspensión de las actividades médicas programadas. El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue relevar el impacto de estas medidas sobre las internaciones en Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos Cardiovasculares, con la hipótesis de que se ha generado un comportamiento social que puede disminuir la demanda de consultas, aun las de enfermedades graves. Comparamos las internaciones de marzo-abril de 2010-2019 con las del mismo bimestre de 2020 sobre la base del registro prospectivo multicéntrico Epi-Cardio® en seis instituciones, tres públicas y tres privadas, que utilizan la epicrisis computarizada para las altas. Fueron incluidos 6839 egresos de ese bimestre en los 11 años. El promedio del número de internaciones en ese bimestre del decenio 2010-19 fue 595 (intervalo de confianza 95%: 507-683) y se redujo a 348 en 2020 (caída del 46.8%, p < 0.001). En la agrupación por 11 causas de internación, la reducción observada fue: cirugía cardiovascular 72.3%, intervenciones electrofisiológicas 67.8%, síndrome coronario agudo sin elevación del ST 52.6%, angioplastias 47.6%, arritmias 48.7%, insuficiencia cardíaca 46%, fibrilación auricular 35.7%, infarto con elevación del ST 34.7%, dolor no coronario 31.8% y otros 51.6%. Solo se incrementaron las consultas por crisis hipertensivas (89%), aunque la prevalencia fue baja. La caída observada en la internación de entidades clínicas críticas ha sido un "efecto adverso" de las medidas adoptadas ante la pandemia, con consecuencias potencialmente graves, que podrían revertirse con un ajuste de las políticas y la comunicación pública.

Internaciones cardiovasculares en unidades de cuidados intensivos durante la pandemia por Covid-19 / Cardiovascular admissions in Intensive Care Units during COVID-19 pandemic

Resumen La pandemia de COVID-19 ha llevado a medidas de aislamiento social, restricciones laborales, fuerte campaña mediática y suspensión de las actividades médicas programadas. El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue relevar el impacto de estas medidas sobre las internaciones en Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos Cardiovasculares, con la hipótesis de que se ha generado un comportamiento social que puede disminuir la demanda de consultas, aun las de enfermedades graves. Comparamos las internaciones de marzo-abril de 2010-2019 con las del mismo bimestre de 2020 sobre la base del registro prospectivo multicéntrico Epi-Cardio® en seis instituciones, tres públicas y tres privadas, que utilizan la epicrisis computarizada para las altas. Fueron incluidos 6839 egresos de ese bimestre en los 11 años. El promedio del número de internaciones en ese bimestre del decenio 2010-19 fue 595 (intervalo de confianza 95%: 507-683) y se redujo a 348 en 2020 (caída del 46.8%, p < 0.001). En la agrupación por 11 causas de internación, la reducción observada fue: cirugía cardiovascular 72.3%, intervenciones electrofisiológicas 67.8%, síndrome coronario agudo sin elevación del ST 52.6%, angio-plastias 47.6%, arritmias 48.7%, insuficiencia cardíaca 46%, fibrilación auricular 35.7%, infarto con elevación del ST 34.7%, dolor no coronario 31.8% y otros 51.6%. Solo se incrementaron las consultas por crisis hipertensivas (89%), aunque la prevalencia fue baja. La caída observada en la internación de entidades clínicas críticas ha sido un "efecto adverso" de las medidas adoptadas ante la pandemia, con consecuencias potencialmente graves, que podrían revertirse con un ajuste de las políticas y la comunicación pública.

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has led to measures of social isolation, labor restrictions, a strong information campaign and the suspension of scheduled medical activities. The aim of this study was to describe the impact of these measures on the number of hospitalizations in Cardiovascular Intensive Care Units, with the hypothesis that the social behavior generated by this emergency promotes a decreased demand for medical care, even when severe cardiovascular disease is involved. We compared the number of admissions in March-April 2010-2019 versus March-April 2020, based on a prospective study including six institutions (three public and three private) that use Epi-Cardio® as a multicenter registry of cardiovascular care unit discharge. Altogether, we included 6839 patients discharged during the 11-year study period (2010-2020). The average number of patient admissions on March-April 2010-19 was 595 (CI 95%: 507-683) and decreased to 348 in 2020 (fall of 46.8%, p < 0.001). The reasons for hospitalization were classified into 11 groups and a statistically significant reduction was seen in 10 of these groups: cardiovascular surgery 72.3%, electrophysiological interventions 67.8%, non-ST acute coronary syndromes 52.6%, angioplasties 47.6%, arrhythmias 48.7%, heart failure 46%, atrial fibrillation 35.7%, ST elevation myocardial infarction 34.7%, non cardiac chest pain 31.8%, others 51.6%. Although with low prevalence, hypertensive crisis increased in 89%. The abrupt decrease observed in the number of admissions due to critical pathologies may be considered an "adverse effect" related to the measures adopted, with potentially severe consequences. This trend could be reversed by improving public communication and policy adjustment.

Lungs as target of COVID-19 infection: Protective common molecular mechanisms of vitamin D and melatonin as a new potential synergistic treatment.

COVID-19 pandemic has a high mortality rate and is affecting practically the entire world population. The leading cause of death is severe acute respiratory syndrome as a consequence of exacerbated inflammatory response accompanied by uncontrolled oxidative stress as well as the inflammatory reaction at the lung level. Until now, there is not a specific and definitive treatment for this pathology that worries the world population, especially the older adults who constitute the main risk group. In this context, it results in a particular interest in the evaluation of the efficacy of existing pharmacological agents that may be used for overcoming or attenuating the severity of this pulmonary complication that has ended the lives of many people worldwide. Vitamin D and melatonin could be good options for achieving this aim, taking into account that they have many shared underlying mechanisms that are able to modulate and control the immune adequately and oxidative response against COVID-19 infection, possibly even through a synergistic interaction. The renin-angiotensin system exaltation with consequent inflammatory response has a leading role in the physiopathology of COVID-19 infection; and it may be down-regulated by vitamin D and melatonin in many organs. Therefore, it is also essential to analyze this potential therapeutic association and their relation with RAS as part of this new approach.

Mobile phone text messaging to improve medication adherence in secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease.

BACKGROUND: Worldwide at least 100 million people are thought to have prevalent cardiovascular disease (CVD). This population has a five times greater chance of suffering a recurrent cardiovascular event than people without known CVD. Secondary CVD prevention is defined as action aimed to reduce the probability of recurrence of such events. Drug interventions have been shown to be cost-effective in reducing this risk and are recommended in international guidelines. However, adherence to recommended treatments remains sub-optimal. In order to influence non-adherence, there is a need to develop scalable and cost-effective behaviour-change interventions. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of mobile phone text messaging in patients with established arterial occlusive events on adherence to treatment, fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events, and adverse effects. SEARCH METHODS: We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, the Conference Proceedings Citation Index - Science on Web of Science on 7 November 2016, and two clinical trial registers on 12 November 2016. We contacted authors of included studies for missing information and searched reference lists of relevant papers. We applied no language or date restrictions. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomised trials with at least 50% of the participants with established arterial occlusive events. We included trials investigating interventions using short message service (SMS) or multimedia messaging service (MMS) with the aim to improve adherence to medication for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular events. Eligible comparators were no intervention or other modes of communication. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We used standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane. In addition, we attempted to contact all authors on how the SMS were developed. MAIN RESULTS: We included seven trials (reported in 13 reports) with 1310 participants randomised. Follow-up ranged from one month to 12 months. Due to heterogeneity in the methods, population and outcome measures, we were unable to conduct meta-analysis on these studies. All seven studies reported on adherence, but using different methods and scales. Six out of seven trials showed a beneficial effect of mobile phone text messaging for medication adherence. Dale 2015a, reported significantly greater medication adherence score in the intervention group (Mean Difference (MD) 0.58, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.19 to 0.97; 123 participants randomised) at six months. Khonsari 2015 reported less adherence in the control group (Relative Risk (RR) 4.09, 95% CI 1.82 to 9.18; 62 participants randomised) at eight weeks. Pandey 2014 (34 participants randomised) assessed medication adherence through self-reported logs with 90% adherence in the intervention group compared to 70% in the control group at 12 months. Park 2014a (90 participants randomised) reported a greater increase of the medication adherence score in the control group, but also measured adherence with an event monitoring system for a number of medications with adherence levels ranging from 84.1% adherence to 86.2% in the intervention group and 79.7% to 85.7% in the control group at 30 days. Quilici 2013, reported reduced odds of non-adherence in the intervention group (Odds Ratio (OR) 0.43, 95% CI 0.22 to 0.86, 521 participants randomised) at 30 days. Fang 2016, reported that participants given SMS alone had reduced odds of being non-adherent compared to telephone reminders (OR 0.40 95% CI 0.18 to 0.63; 280 patients randomised). Kamal 2015 reported higher levels of adherence in the intervention arm (adjusted MD 0.54, 95% CI 0.22 to 0.85; 200 participants randomised). Khonsari 2015 was the only study to report fatal cardiovascular events and only reported two events, both in the control arm. No study reported on the other primary outcomes. No study reported repetitive thumb injury or road traffic crashes or other adverse events that were related to the intervention.Four authors replied to our questionnaire on SMS development. No study reported examining causes of non-adherence or provided SMS tailored to individual patient characteristics.The included studies were small, heterogeneous and included participants recruited directly after acute events. All studies were assessed as having high risk of bias across at least one domain. Most of the studies came from high-income countries, with two studies conducted in an upper middle-income country (China, Malaysia), and one study from a lower middle-income country (Pakistan). The quality of the evidence was found to be very low. There was no obvious conflicts of interest from authors, although only two declared their funding. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: While the results of this systematic review are promising, there is insufficient evidence to draw conclusions on the effectiveness of text message-based interventions for adherence to medications for secondary prevention of CVD. Sufficiently powered, high-quality randomised trials are needed, particularly in low- and middle-income countries.

Pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del ST trasladados a centros con hemodinamia. Encuesta Nacional de Infarto Agudo de Miocardio con Elevación del ST en la República Argentina (ARGEN-IAM-ST) / Patients with ST-Segment Elevation Acute Myocardial Infarction Transferred to Centers with Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Capabilities. National Survey of ST-Segment Elevation Acute Myocardial Infarction in Argentina (ARGEN-IAM-ST)

Introducción: En la Argentina se ha incrementado progresivamente el uso de angioplastia primaria como estrategia de reperfusión en los pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio y elevación del segmento ST (IAMCEST) sobre la base de redes formales o informales de derivación. No se han explorado en forma universal en nuestro país la funcionalidad y las demoras generadas por las derivaciones. Objetivos: Evaluar la frecuencia con que los pacientes con IAMCEST son derivados a centros con hemodinamia, la estrategia de reperfusión adoptada (angioplastia primaria, terapéutica trombolítica, angioplastia de rescate y farmacoinvasiva) y las demoras en el sistema. Material y métodos: Estudio prospectivo, observacional, multicéntrico, llevado a cabo en 247 centros de todas las provincias de la República Argentina. Desde marzo a diciembre de 2015 se incluyeron 1.661 pacientes con diagnóstico de IAMCEST de hasta 36 horas de evolución. Resultados: La edad promedio de los pacientes fue de 61 ± 11,9 años y el 77,6% eran de sexo masculino. La prevalencia promedio de derivación de todo el país desde otros centros para realizar tratamiento de reperfusión fue del 37% (IC 95% 34,80-39,44). Comparando los pacientes derivados con los tratados in situ, la aplicación global de tratamientos de reperfusión fue menor en los derivados [80% vs. 86% (OR 0,65; IC 95% 0,50-0,84; p < 0,001)]. Considerando solo los tratados con estrategias de reperfusión, en los derivados se utilizó menos angioplastia primaria [71% vs. 83% (OR 0,51; IC 95% 0,39-0,67)] y mayor aplicación de trombolíticos [29% vs. 17% (OR 1,92; IC 95% 1,48-2,50)] (p < 0,001). La angioplastia de rescate se realizó en 41 pacientes derivados versus 12 pacientes tratados en el primer centro de contacto y el tratamiento farmacoinvasivo en solo 12 pacientes, de los cuales 6 eran derivados de otro centro. El tiempo total de isquemia desde el comienzo de los síntomas hasta la realización de la angioplastia primaria fue de 350 minutos (RIC 25-75: 235-650) para los pacientes derivados y de 245 minutos (RIC 25/75: 170-450) para los pacientes tratados en el centro de primera consulta (p < 0,001). El tiempo puerta-balón fue de 85 minutos (RIC 25/75: 50-153) versus 95 minutos (RIC 25/75: 62-150) en los derivados y los no derivados, respectivamente (p = 0,01). En los pacientes derivados, el tiempo síntoma-aguja en los tratados con trombolíticos previo a la derivación fue de 165 minutos y en los derivados a angioplastia primaria, el tiempo síntoma-balón fue de 350 minutos, una diferencia de 185 minutos. La demora entre el acceso a la trombólisis in situ y la angioplastia derivada fue de 140 minutos. Conclusiones: En nuestro país, uno de cada tres pacientes con IAMCEST es derivado a otro centro para realizar tratamiento de reperfusión miocárdica. Los pacientes derivados tienen menos probabilidad de recibir tratamiento de reperfusión y menor utilización de angioplastia primaria. La diferencia de tiempo entre los pacientes que recibieron trombólisis previa a la derivación y la espera para realizar una angioplastia primaria supera las dos horas. El tratamiento farmacoinvasivo fue mínimo. La disponibilidad de recursos en los centros participantes indica que una mejor articulación de las redes de derivación podría mejorar los tiempos de acceso al tratamiento y disminuir la morbimortalidad del IAMCEST en la Argentina.

Análisis de traslados interhospitalarios de pacientes críticos a área de unidad coronaria de un hospital de alta complejidad

Introducción: Los traslados interhospitalarios de pacientes críticos son frecuentes en nuestro medio; sin embargo, a pesar de la existencia de servicios de traslados médicos de emergencia tanto en el ámbito público como privado, no se han generado publicaciones científicas relacionadas con traslado de pacientes críticos que permitan conocer su funcionamiento, planificación y resultados. Objetivo: Describir las condiciones de traslado interhospitalario de pacientes con patología cardiovascular. Material y métodos: Estudio de diseño observacional, prospectivo, multicéntrico. Se relevaron los traslados interhospitalarios por vía terrestre de pacientes ingresados a una unidad coronaria de tercer nivel entre abril de 2014 y abril de 2015. Se encuestó al médico de traslado. Se relevaron además las complicaciones relacionadas con el traslado y la mortalidad hospitalaria. Resultados: Se analizaron 214 traslados. Mediana de tiempo de traslado: 30 minutos (IIC 18,5-50). El 16,1% de los traslados se consideraron de riesgo alto, el 71,2% de riesgo moderado y el 12,7% de riesgo bajo, según un puntaje validado. Los principales diagnósticos fueron síndrome coronario agudo (66,8%), insuficiencia cardíaca (8,9%) y bradiarritmia o bloqueo (3,7%). El 73,5% de los traslados de riesgo alto se realizaron con móviles de alta complejidad y entre los de riesgo bajo y moderado, el 30,8% y el 28,9%, respectivamente, se efectuaron con móviles de baja complejidad. El 50% de los traslados fueron realizados por médicos residentes. El 10,8% presentaron alguna complicación durante el traslado y/o durante la primera hora. Las complicaciones fueron más frecuentes en traslados de riesgo alto y se asociaron con mortalidad hospitalaria. No existió asociación entre mayor riesgo de traslado estimado y mayor complejidad del móvil (p = 0,6). Conclusión: La programación de traslados no fue adecuada. El riesgo calculado de los traslados fue predominantemente bajo, con una elevada proporción de complicaciones graves, que impactaron en la mortalidad hospitalaria.

Initial Results and Long-Term Follow-up of Percutaneous Mitral Valvuloplasty in Patients with Pulmonary Hypertension.

BACKGROUND: Percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty (PMV) is an attractive therapeutic approach in patients with mitral stenosis. The aim of this study was to assess the immediate and long-term clinical, echocardiographic and haemodynamic outcomes of PMV in patients with severe pulmonary hypertension (PAH). METHODS: Percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty was performed in 157 consecutive patients; 60 patients (38.2%) had significant PAH defined as baseline pulmonary artery mean pressure (PAMP) ≥ 30mm Hg (Group 1) and 97 patients (61.8%) had PAMP ≤ 30mmHg (Group 2). Pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP), mortality, need for mitral valve replacement or new PMV, and valve restenosis were evaluated during follow-up. RESULTS: Mean age was 44.2 years and 88.5% (139 patients) were women. Primary success was achieved in 79.6% of the patients (125 patients) without differences between the groups. Mitral valve area increased from 0.90cm2 to 1.76cm2, PASP fell from 57mmHg to 35mmHg in Group 1 and from 38mmHg to 30mmHg in Group 2. Median PASP in Group 1 was 35, 32, 36, 38 and 34mmHg at 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 months. There were no significant differences in mitral valve area, PASP and clinical status between the groups. CONCLUSION: Percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty is a safe and effective technique for the treatment of patients with mitral stenosis and PAH. A significant decrease in pulmonary pressure was observed after valvuloplasty. Although there was a gradual decrease of MVA at long-term follow-up, most patients remained asymptomatic and PASP was stable.

Weekly distribution of acute Coronary syndrome. Analysis of the Epi-Cardio Registry / Distribución de la frecuencia de síndrome coronario agudo acorde al día de la semana. Análisis del Registro Epi-Cardio

Background: Acute coronary syndromes (ACS) seem to have a chronobiological distribution with seasonal, weekly and circadian variations. So far, there is no evidence in the published literature about the weekly distribution of ACS in Argentina; thus, it is unknown whether ACS have a specific pattern and which could be the associated variables. Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the weekly distribution of ACS and the differences in treatment and clinical outcome. Methods: The distribution of non-ST-segment elevation (NSTE) (n=6,277) and ST-segment elevation (STE) ACS (n=4,237) was mretrospectively analyzed according to the day of the week using the 2006-2012 Epi-Cardio registry. Results: The frequency was higher during the first days of the week and descended during the weekend (overall ACS and NSTE-ACS p <0.001, and STE-ACS p <0.01), and was not related to either age or sex. In STE-ACS, the indication and the type of reperfusion therapy did not present differences according to the day of the week. Conclusions: The frequency of hospitalization due to ACS is higher within the first weekdays and decreases during the weekend, with no differences in the use of complex resources or in the initial outcome.

Introducción: Una particularidad de los síndromes coronarios agudos (SCA) es que su distribución impresiona tener aspectos cronobiológicos, ya que no se mantiene estable a lo largo del año y varía incluso según el día de la semana y la hora del día. No tenemos conocimiento de evidencia publicada acerca de la distribución de los casos de SCA acorde al día de la semana en nuestro país, por lo que se ignora si sigue un patrón determinado y cuáles podrían ser las variables asociadas. Objetivo: Analizar la distribución diaria de los casos de SCA y las eventuales diferencias en el tratamiento y la evolución clínica de los pacientes. Material y métodos: Se estudió el número y la evolución de SCA sin ST elevado (SCA no-STE, n = 6.277) y con ST elevado al ingreso (SCA-STE, n = 4.237) acorde al día de la semana mediante el análisis del registro Epi-Cardio 2006-2012. Resultados: La frecuencia fue mayor en los primeros días de la semana, descendiendo durante el fin de semana (global y SCA no-STE: p < 0,001; SCA-STE: p < 0,01), sin relación con la edad y el sexo. En los SCASTE, la indicación y el tipo de reperfusión no tuvieron diferencias según el día de la semana. Conclusiones: La frecuencia de internaciones por SCA es mayor en los primeros días laborables y menor los fines de semana, sin diferencias en el uso de recursos complejos ni en la evolución inicial.

Telemedicine network Program for reperfusion of Myocardial infarction / Programa en red para la reperfusión del infarto con telemedicina

background: Early management of myocardial infarction in the area of public health requires the integration of specific programs for the coordination of healthcare services. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact on delay times and reperfusion rate of a comprehensive program for the reperfusion of myocardial infarction in a hospital network of the Southern Greater Buenos Aires. Methods: The network consists of six low-mid-complexity hospitals and a third-level referral center with 24-hour cath-lab. Stage 1 of the program (2009-2010) evaluated the existing barriers to reperfusion; Stage 2 (2011-2013) implemented the progressive incorpora-tion of improvements and Stage 3 assessed the program (2013-2014) complemented with fellows in each hospital. Program impact was evaluated by the proportion of patients reperfused and time to its implementation. results: A total of 432 patients referred from the network were hospitalized with diagnosis of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Mean age was 56±9 years and 83.3% were men. The proportion of reperfused patients progressively increased: S1 60.7%, S2 69% and S3 78%, p for trend=0.01. Time to reperfusion decreased significantly between S1 and S3, from 120 minutes (IQR 55-240) to 90 minutes (IQR 35-150), p=0.04, with a median reduction of 30 minutes in the door-to-balloon and door-to-needle times. Conclusions: The application of a program for myocardial reperfusion based on the diagnosis of barriers was associated with 28.5% increase in reperfusion, and a significant reduction in the implementation times. This public network model built on algorithms adapted to local barriers may contribute to improve the care of myocardial infarction in our country.

Survey on Ethical Conduct Thresholds in Cardiologal Medical Practice in Argentina.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the attitude of a group of cardiologists on the ethical conducts they would accept or adopt when encountered with different hypothetical situations of medical practice. Between August and September of 2011, 700 Argentine cardiologists were surveyed in situations which posed ethical dilemmas in the patient-physician relationship, among colleagues or involving financial agreements with employers or the pharmaceutical industry. Ethical conflicts were evidenced in a series of inappropriate conducts such as differential fees, trips and meals sponsored by laboratories, splitting fees, overbilling, self-referral, charging for patient referral, financial compensation for ordering medical procedures, and various situations derived from the relationship with employers. In general, financial compensation from the pharmaceutical industry was more accepted than the conflictive situations which directly involved patients, colleagues or employers. The rejection of these conducts, the physicians' deontological education and the improvement of financial and organizational conditions in medical practice will help to encourage better medical professionalism and avoid unseemly behaviors.

Analysis of the invasive strategy decision in patients with acute coronary syndrome without ST-segment elevation in a real-world setting.

Observational studies have reported a marked discrepancy between the risk estimated by scores and the use of an invasive strategy in patients with acute coronary syndromes. The objective is to describe the criteria used to decide an early invasive strategy and to determine the differences between those criteria and the thrombolysis in myocardial infarction risk score (TRS). Patients entered to the Epi-Cardio registry with a diagnosis of non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome were analyzed. A logistic regression model including variables associated with an early invasive strategy was developed and validated in 2 consecutive cohorts. The association between the TRS and the clinical decision model with an early invasive strategy was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. We included a total of 3,187 patients. In the derivation cohort, variables associated with an early invasive strategy were previous angioplasty (odds ratio [OR] 1.63), hypercholesterolemia (OR 1.36), ST changes (OR 1.49), elevated biomarkers (OR 1.42), catheterization laboratory availability (OR 1.7), recurrent angina (OR 3.45), age (OR 0.98), previous coronary bypass (OR 0.65), previous heart failure (OR 0.40), and heart rate at admission (OR 0.98). The areas under the ROC curves to predict invasive strategy were 0.55 for the TRS and 0.69 for the clinical decision model, p <0.0001. In the validation cohort, ROC areas were 0.58 and 0.70, respectively, p <0.0001. In conclusion, invasive strategy was guided by variables not completely included in risk scores. The clinical, evolutionary, and structural variables included in the model can explain, partially, the discordance existing between risk stratification and medical strategies.

Fast tilt test: tras un nuevo paradigma en el manejo del síncope reflejo / Fast Tilt Test: a New Paradigm in the Management of Reflex Syncope

Introducción El 20% a 30% de la población presenta episodios sincopales a lo largo de la vida y el mecanismo reflejo representa la causa más común. Su diagnóstico diferencial se basa en el interrogatorio de las características del episodio y en la reproducibilidad de los síntomas con el tilt test. Sin embargo, este último tiene limitaciones importantes, lo que nos ha llevado a explorar en sucesivas etapas de investigación un nuevo parámetro, al que denominamos “retraso de la onda de pulso carotídeo”. Objetivos Presentar los resultados de la investigación sobre el descubrimiento, el desarrollo y la aplicación clínica del parámetro “retraso de la onda de pulso carotídeo”, capaz de identificar a pacientes con síncope reflejo. Material y métodos Se describen el nacimiento de la idea, los resultados del análisis de la correlación entre el parámetro con el tilt test mediante un estudio piloto en 43 pacientes con síncope, la confirmación de su correlación en 100 pacientes con síncope y grupo control, el estudio del mecanismo fisiopatológico del parámetro, el diseño y la validación de un equipo de adquisición automática en un estudio multicéntrico sobre 100 pacientes con historia de síncope mediante tilt test sensibilizado y la búsqueda de un nuevo patrón oro del síncope reflejo. Resultados El análisis estadístico mediante modelos univariados y multivariados y la construcción de curvas ROC sobre 243 pacientes sometidos a tilt test mostró que, a pesar de diferentes edades o métodos empleados, el parámetro clasificó correctamente a más del 80% de los pacientes con historia de síncope y tilt test positivos y al 100% de los voluntarios (2/30) sin historia de síncope que presentaron tilt test positivo. La medición del parámetro prescindiendo de la camilla basculante identificó al 100% de los voluntarios que refirieron historia de síncope (7/30). Conclusiones Desarrollamos un parámetro de medición s imple y no invasiva capaz de predecir en 5 minutos el resultado del tilt test en pacientes con síncope e identificar a personas con historia de síncope reflejo prescindiendo de la camilla basculante. El parámetro podría ayudar a la rápida toma de decisión diagnóstica en pacientes con síncope, a comprender aspectos fisiopatológicos y a evaluar intervenciones terapéuticas.

Introduction Between 20% and 30% of persons present syncope throughout their lives and reflex syncope represents the most common cause. The differential diagnosis of syncope is based on the characteristics of the episode and on the reproducibility of symptoms with the head-up tilt test. Yet, as tilt test has important limitations, we began exploring a new parameter in successive stages of investigation, which we called “delay of the carotid pulse wave”. Objectives To present the results of the investigation about the discovery, development and clinical applicability of the parameter: “delay of the carotid pulse wave”, capable of identifying patients with reflex syncope. Methods The development of the idea and the results of the analysis of the correlation between the parameter and the tilt test evaluated in a pilot study of 43 patients with syncope are described. The correlation is confirmed in 100 patients with syncope and in controls; the pathophysiological mechanism of the parameter is evaluated; the design of an automated device is described and its validation is confirmed in a multicenter study of 100 patients with history of syncope using drug-stimulated head-up tilt test. The search of a new gold standard for reflex syncope is described. Results The statistical analysis performing univariate and multivariate models and the construction of ROC curves on 243 patients undergoing head-up tilt test showed that, despite the different ages or methods used, the parameter classified in a correct fashion more than 80% of patients with history of syncope and positive head-up tilt test and 100% of volunteers without history of syncope who presented positive head-up tilt test. The measurement of the parameter without using a tilt table identified 100% of volunteers with history of syncope (7/30). Conclusions We developed a simple and noninvasive measurement parameter, capable of predicting a positive head-up tilt test within 5 minutes in patients with syncope and of identifying people with history of syncope without using the tilt table. The parameter could help to make rapid diagnostic decisions in patients with syncope, to understand the pathophysiological aspects and to evaluate the therapeutic interventions.